California car (streetcar)
A California Car is a type of single-deck tramcar or streetcar that features a center, enclosed seating compartment and roofed seating areas without sides on either end. These cars were popular in California's mild Mediterranean climate offering passengers a choice of shaded outdoor seating during hot weather, or more protected seating during cool or rainy weather. They were also used in other climates to provide separate outdoor smoking and enclosed non-smoking areas. Some very early motor buses also used the combination car design.[1][2][3]
Early San Francisco cable car lines used two cars: a grip car (or "dummy") which contained the grip mechanism and a brake, and the trailer which carried passengers. [4] A new car, called a combination car, was eventually developed which combined the trailer and the grip car into one vehicle. The combination car had one enclosed end and an open end with seats and the grip.
In 1888, the California Street Cable Railroad Company commissioned a new car from John L. Hammond and Co., with two open ends and a center enclosed section. Placed in service in 1889, this double-ended combination car, dubbed a “California Type” car, could be operated from either end, which eliminated the need for a turntable at the ends of the lines.[5]
The design was also applied to many electric streetcars in the late 1890s and 1900s. Henry Huntington’s engineers developed a standard streetcar design in the California Car style in 1902 for his Los Angeles Railway (LARy). Called the “Huntington Standard”, it featured a center enclosed section, open sections on either end with wire sides rather than solid sides, and a distinctive five-window front and rear. Eventually, LARy had 747 of these cars in service. The cars were featured in early silent movies, becoming indelibly linked in moviegoers’ minds with southern California. Other railways that adopted the design included the Pacific Electric Railway, the San Francisco, Napa and Calistoga Railway, The Key System’s East Shore and Suburban Railway .[6]
California cars are still operational on the San Francisco cable car system. Both the single-ended cars on the Powell–Hyde and Powell–Mason lines, and the double-ended cars on the California Street line, are of this type. The single-ended cars have a single open section at the front of the car, with a closed compartment at the rear, whilst the double-ended cars have a central closed compartment flanked by open areas.[7]
Several California cars are now preserved and/or used on heritage operations. These include:
- Los Angeles Railway 521, an electric streetcar now preserved by the Seashore Trolley Museum[1]
- Manchester Corporation Tramways 765, an electric tram now preserved and operated on its home city's Heaton Park Tramway[3]
- San Francisco Muni 578, an electric streetcar of similar design to that city's cable cars, now preserved by the Market Street Railway and occasionally operated[8]
Sources
[edit]- ^ a b Minnich, Ben. "Los Angeles California 521". Seashore Trolley Museum. New England Electric Railway Historical Society. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
- ^ Burg, William (2006). Sacramento's Streetcars. Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 0738531472.
- ^ a b "Barnsley & District Electric Traction Company "Combination Car" Motor Bus No. 5". Tramway Museum Society. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ Kahn, Edgar M. (1976). Cable Car Days in San Francisco. The Friends of the San Francisco Library. p. 52. ISBN 0912020547.
- ^ Smallwood, Charles (1980). The Cable Car Book. Celestial Arts. p. 32. ISBN 0-89087-280-5.
- ^ Demoro, Harre W. (1986). California's Electric Railways. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. p. 16, 122. ISBN 0-916374-74-2.
- ^ "California Street Cable Car Roster". Cable Car Museum. Friends of the California Cable Car Museum. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
- ^ "578s". Market Street Railway. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.